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Re: 8 kHz Tesla Coil



Original poster: Jim Lux <jimlux@xxxxxxxxxxxxx>

At 06:27 AM 10/1/2005, you wrote:
Original poster: "Barton B. Anderson" <bartb@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>

Hi Gerry, Jim,

I'm sure the Rac values are approximations when sD << r, as per Gary Johnson notes.

Gary Johnson wrote a paper in 2001 on losses in Tesla Coils. I don't know who has read this, but I'm kind of in the middle of it. I went ahead and put it up at my web site for download. Interesting read, 34 pages, and fast download.

http://www.classictesla.com/download/ResistanceOfCoil.pdf


And there it is, in all it's glory:
pages 6-4 and onward...
Table 1 on 6-7 should be appropriate...


Take care,
Bart

Tesla list wrote:

Original poster: "Gerry  Reynolds" <gerryreynolds@xxxxxxxxxxxxx>

Hi Bart,

I'm not sure what is being said about it giving 37 ohms for my coil, but if Rac is defined as the effective resistance when runing AC current thru it, the AC resistance can never be less than the DC resistance. Skin depth is defined (for the benefit of others) as the depth of the conductor from which if you throw away the interior conductor and keep the exterior conductor and calculate the DC resistance from the resulting area, you will have the Rac of the wire for the frequency of the AC current (no proximity effects included yet). In other words:

Rac/Rdc = wire_cross_sectional_area / (wire_cross_sectional_area - area_internal_to_the_skin_depth)

So, for skin depth (sd) greater or equal to the radius (r) of the wire, Rac = Rdc. For sd less than r:

Rac/Rdc = pi*r^2 / (pi*r^2 - pi*[r-sd]^2) which reduces to:

Rac/Rdc = r^2 / (r^2 - [r-sd]^2)

For proximitry effects for a close wound coil, divide the wire into quadrants like below:

...(X)(X)(X)...

If you assume that the proximitry of left and right adjacent wires forces the AC current out of the left and right quadrants and into the upper and lower quadrants, then the effective area is further cut in half and Rac_with_proximitry will be twice the Rac as calculated from above. Note this is just a estimate but could be compared to the tabular data in that reference book for radio engineers that I can't remember the name of.

Also calculated Q values based on Rac_with_proximitry using the following formula:

Q = sqrt (L/C)  /  R

could be compared to measured Q to determine the accuracy of the estimate. Preferably, this should be done with coils having different fo's and wire diameters. I will measure the Q of my coil when I get a chance.

Gerry R.

(see comments below)

Original poster: "Barton B. Anderson" <bartb@xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx>


I've searched high and low for the reference to the equation, but I can't find it. It is something I picked up from Googling and didn't save the document (dummy me). You are correct, Rdc added to Rac makes no sense. I'm sure I wrote it down as it was shown. I suspect this may have come out of a text book, but I think it's use was not interpreted as intended. I'm certain this was a skin effect approximation.

I've found another approximation calculator (excel throw-together) for Rac and skin depth in cylindrical conductors. It gave 37 ohms on your coil. If you remember, I showed 98 after adding the 61 Rdc (per the equation), which is a difference of 37 ohms! It appears the equation was using Rdc as part of it's approximation, but Rdc should have been removed to identify Rac, such as:

Rac = Rdc(1+(r/(2sD))-Rdc


this equation reduces to Rac/Rdc = r/2sD and I dont believe it unless Rac is defined as the incremental increase of resistance above Rdc.
Also the equation doesn't seem to take conduction areas into account.



where:

Rdc = DC resistance of winding
r = radius of wire diameter in inches
sD = skin depth in inches

For reference, another Rac approximation I found from Michael Mirmak of Intel Corp (was for pcb traces originally using trace heights and widths) I modified for a round conductor: It follows the excel calculator for high and low frequency's.

Rac = L(((3.318*10^-7)*F^0.5)/(4*d))
(should be ready for excel - just insert the values)

where:
L = Length of winding in inches
F = Frequency in Hz
d = wire diameter in inches


I think in all these equations, it is important to understand how they define Rac as it seems there isn't always consistency.



BTW, here's the excel file mentioned:
http://home.swipnet.se/2ingandlin/Skin_depth_calc.xls

Of course, we don't know how well any of these approximations work for our coils. It would be interesting to measure and find the proximity losses. Empirically, we could likely come up with something similar, which of course gets better with time. So far, no one is doing this. When I get my coils set back up, I'll have to perform some Q measurements.